Malaria management in the 18th and 19th century India: role played by Madras Presidency

From the 17th century, Cinchona figured prominently in European pharmacopiae. Many European countries were frantically after Cinchona in the early 18th century. In the 18th century, a search for this tree occurred consistently. The
usefulness of the bark of Cinchona in treating fevers was established and the European medical personnel were
exploring for substitutes, driven by the following reasons: trade monopolies necessitated the search for species that had
similar chemical properties, and a substitute for Cinchona bark would help reducing pressure on Cinchona production and its alkaloids.