The 25th Conference of the Parties (COP25) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Madrid, Spain, this December will be a turning point for global action towards the Paris Agreement. COP25 must build on the political momentum generated by the UN Secretary-General’s Climate Action Summit held on 23 September in New York. To that end, COP25 must finalise rules for the use of carbon markets and common timeframes for submission of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and successfully review and strengthen the institutional mechanisms to address loss and damage. Adoption of these rules at COP25 will provide much-needed clarity to countries as they revise their NDCs to meet the March 2020 deadline and prepare long-term, low-emission development strategies.
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