Reports and Documents

The paper examines the relative export competitiveness (REC) of eight agricultural commodities (rice, wheat, maize, gram, groundnut, onion, bovine meat and shrimp) from 1990 to 2020. The findings reveal that India’s export of rice was the most competitive, followed by groundnut, shrimp, gram, onion and bovine meat.

This paper summarizes how battery reuse and recycling can strengthen the environmental and social benefits of a global transition to electric vehicles. It estimates the volumes of end-of-life vehicle batteries that could be reused in second-life applications up to 2050.

This global assessment provides an overview of developments in the geothermal sector and the factors that will shape the geothermal market in the near future. Geothermal energy – a clean and reliable source of heat and electricity – will play a critical role in the clean energy transition alongside other renewable energy sources.

The world is at risk of descending into a climate “doom loop”, a thinktank report has warned. It said simply coping with the escalating impacts of the climate crisis could draw resources and focus away from the efforts to slash carbon emissions, making the situation even worse.

Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an enormous shock to mortality, economies, and daily life. But what has received insufficient attention is the impact of the pandemic on the accumulation of human capital—the health, education, and skills—of young people. How large was the setback, and how far are we still from a recovery?

This working paper explores the benefits and trade-offs of harnessing private sector health services as governments look to build more resilient, accessible, and affordable health systems and support the post-pandemic recovery.

This background note was developed to inform the discussions at the Special IEA Ministerial on Gas Markets and Supply Security on 15 February 2023. It assesses the latest developments in European and global natural gas markets, taking into account the impacts of the energy crisis triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Global liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies are likely to remain tight through 2025, curbing demand growth in key Asian import markets. European LNG demand may remain strong in the short term, but will decline by 2030 as decarbonization and energy security policies take effect.

Since late 2020, much of the Horn of Africa region has been experiencing severe drought . As of December 2022, many areas are now within their fifth consecutive failed rainy season and a sixth failed rainy season is predicted for 2023.

With the pent-up need for countries to agree how to address climate finance, plastic pollution, biodiversity loss, and other pressing environmental issues, a tidal wave of in-person negotiations swept through 2022.