Feature Article

Nowadays ultrafiltration (UF) technology is also available, but the question is, to which extent and how cost effectively can it address the SWRO pretreatment need. Hence, the question is to which extent do market needs and technology capabilities match.

The Leopold Clari-DAF system is a proven, highly effective method of removing turbidity, insoluble metals (iron, manganese, arsenic), algae, color, taste and odor, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other low-density particulates from water. Its peformance is superior to gravity sedimentation in providing consistent quality effluent, producing consistently high sludge solids, and operating at high loading rates-results that can lower the total cost of operation.

More than 500 plants around the globe have so far been equipped with the patented technology and the projects that rely on this German-made ultrafiltration technology are steadily increasing in size and spreading across the world.

A spiral wound membrane is a unique configuration that provides excellent structural integrity. The design is completely rigid, and no stress is placed on the membrane surface.

Coal India Ltd (CIL), which meets about 80% of the country's coal requirements, faces serious difficulties in stepping up its coal production even as the domestic demand for coal grows at a fast pace, thanks to capacity addition in key sectors like power, cement and steel. Growing environmental hurdles to mining operations in India have forced the world's largest coal miner to look at acquisition of overseas coal assets to meet domestic demand and keep growing.

Economists divided factors of production in four categories - land, labor, capital and entrepreneur. Anything that goes into production can be put in any of these four categories. Land is the primary factor of production since all natural resources fall in this broad category.

Small farmers need credit and other supporting services for diverse activities which comprise a family’s livelihood strategy. Self Help Affinity Groups (SAGs) are the most appropriate institutions which provide the necessary space, resources and skills required by a poor family to develop a livelihood strategy.